Wednesday, July 31, 2019

An Obsession the World Doesn’t Share Essay

In his essay, â€Å"An Obsession the World Doesn’t Share†, Roger Cohen describes in detail the way other countries view the actions of the United States Government and President Bush (New York Times, 2004). Mr. Cohen’s main idea throughout the article is how the United States government is reacting, or not reacting, to world issues due to the focus on 9/11/01. The author uses countries such as South Africa, and Brazil to make his point that these countries are facing severe problems and the USA, which has always been seen as a â€Å"helping country† is now focused on terrorism. Supporting viewpoints of his main idea are the fact that in Canada, a recent statue of President Bush was erected in the same form as Iraq’s past leader, Sadaam Hussein. In addition, the author notes the AIDS epidemic in South Africa; and the economic factors in Latin America. Mr. Cohen continues his main idea by making the suggestion that any good the USA government has done (i. e. – giving money to support AIDS education), is overshadowed by the fight on terrorism. Mr. Cohen’s point in this article is to inform Americans about how the rest of the world views their country. His central argument seems to be that despite the good our government has done, it is completely overshadowed by our dire need to revenge for 9/11 terrorist attacks. The author uses facts to back up his argument from what seems to be reliable sources, such as the government of these nations, and Ambassadors for these countries. The tone of this article is informative, the author presents his arguments without bias and his personal judgments are few. The author uses a logos appeal, presenting his argument as a logical, reasonable one. Although it does not appear that there are many weaknesses in his argument, some information is excluded, namely that of President Bush’s view, because Bush’s view was not clearly stated, this alone may make the author slightly biased towards the other countries, who are in effect asking for our help. This writer accepts Mr. Cohen’s argument. I believe that all the good the USA may be doing for other countries, IS overshadowed by what seems to be revenge for not only 9/11 but for the Gulf War as well. The fact that our government is intent on punishing Middle Eastern countries, which had little or no involvement in 9/11, speaks volumes about what is important (fighting and not assisting). In this article, the author states, â€Å"The problem is the perception that Bush uses immense power in an egotistical way. (NY Times, 2004) This writer strongly believes this to be the truth as evidenced by the fact that Hussein of Iraq was a main focal point of the terrorism instead of the one who committed the crimes (Bin Laden). As assumed from this article, President Bush is not well-liked by other countries and even Americans are growing tired of Bush’s so-called priorities. In sum, Mr. Cohen has presented an aptly named title of how the world negatively views our government. Unfortunately, most Americans do not differ on this viewpoint.

Tuesday, July 30, 2019

Essay – Bridging Brands and Borders: Trends and Tactics to Connect Global Brands with Asian Consumers

Bridging brands and borders: Trends and tactics to connect global brands with Asian consumers This article briefly states the idea of brand internationalization. Whether brands should localize themselves based on the tastes of the market or they should keep their identity intact. The author, Craig Briggs states that certain risk is involved when a global company tries and changes too much as per the local tastes.The articles also stresses on instances from the past on Global companies like Starbucks having a successful stint with the globalization, by modifying certain aspects of the product offered to match the consumer demands, but keeping the ethos of the company intact. Then the article moves in to focus on the aspects of customization and how they appear in four key areas, Functional Customization, Delivery Customization, Format Customization, and Perpetual Customization Facts the author uses for supporting the theory of customization: . Functional Customization: Frito lay chang ed the flavor of the chips to better cater to the taste preferences of the Chinese customer. Developing newer tastes the company has been successful brand, keeping the DNA of the brand intact. b. Delivery Customization: The author appropriately uses the facts about McDonalds and IKEA while stating the area of delivery customization. McDonalds has implemented home delivery options in India and China to make the consumer confortable in using the product from the home.IKEA ran the stores in Japan concentrating on the way Japanese homes are and also started a conveyance service between the major metro stations. This gave the consumer the opportunity to connect to the store more. c. Format Customization: The author appropriately supports the theory with instances about Coca Cola producing the smaller bottles to compete with the local competitor. d. Perpetual Customization: Godiva creating a luxury brand in China is a way in which the author provides information how customization is done in this area. This article provides strategies and tactics of brand adaptation for a global company.As mentioned in the book, branding is key to the success of the company. From the book, we could see how companies customize their products such as McDonalds customizing the burgers for the Indian market. Brand adaptation is crucial for a company otherwise the globalization process can slow down. This article strengthens the concept in the book about how decisions on globalization of the products can affect the brand image of the organization. The investments a company makes in customization of the company will increase the brand equity of the company.I could relate this article to the chapter in the book Branding and Product Decisions on Global Marketing as I see customization as a strategy to brand creation for a company going global. The author gives examples of the brand customization based on just four areas in countries like China and Japan. The author never mentions anything ab out whether these areas of customization can be applicable to Asia markets as a whole. I would have liked to know through the article about instances where these customizations have worked in the Middle East and the southeastern parts of Asia.Other than this I find the article provides a clear picture about the customization process and how it had worked in Asian Markets. The new concepts I learnt from the article is customization areas when the company is planning on creating a global brand or starting an operation in a new location, it has to look into the areas of customizations to match the demands of the location. The explanation of key areas of customization is the article is precise. My interpretation of the key areas of the customization is: Functional Customization: When a company changes the product to cater to the consumer’s tastes and preferences.E. g. can be McDonalds changed to include veggie burgers to match the taste of Indian consumers. Functional Customizati on allows the company to tweak the product, keeping the basis of the product intact. This goes well with the company’s modus operandi. Delivery Customization: Markets in Asia are used to home delivery concept. Global company’s implementing changes in their business model to implement delivery mechanism to satisfy the consumer needs is a exact example of delivery customization.Delivery customization is all about creating convenience through its key value proposition. Format Customization: This is an area of customization where the company creates a smaller version of the product to compete with the local competition. Companies, which enter a local market sometimes, are faced with local competitors who have a strong foothold in the market. To tackle this competition companies like Coca Cola came up with the smaller bottle that costs less and still keeps the brand of the company intact.Perpetual Customization: Perpetual Customization is when a company creates a sub brand for the luxury brand to cater to the niche consumer segment. This is an interesting article on the various aspects of customization and really puts into perspective the areas, which a company can look into while entering a market in ASIA. References: http://web. ebscohost. com/mobsmart/citations/citation? vid=4&hid=14&sid=bac33097-2f2f-40f7-b099-9c30003d24c0%40sessionmgr14&bdata=JkF1dGhUeXBlPSZzaXRlPW1vYnNtYXJ0LWxpdmU%3d#db=bth&AN=82945873

The Fibre Optics Technology Engineering Essay

In the past year the information is fetched on developments, inventions and hereafter is explained in perceptible mode In add-on to the aforesaid benefits, fibre optics overseas telegrams have high electrical opposition, are non affected by electromagnetic Fieldss, secure, and low weight. Even so, short distance communications usually rely on electrical Cu wiring due to its much lower cost, easiness of usage, and ability to transport a current. Other utilizations of fibre optics include medical imagination and as centripetal tools. A The subject about the integrated-optic modulators in high velocity fiber-optic links, operation of devices used to externally modulate light beginnings used with fiber-optic ushers has been explained in a perceptible modeIntroductionA fiber-optic communicating system uses the same basic functional constituents as a copper-based communicating system-a sender, receiving system and transmittal medium-except that a fibre-optical nexus ( FOL ) uses optical fiber ( in topographic point of Cu overseas telegram ) as the transmittal medium. Here the optical fiber connects the sender and the receiving system. It carries information in the signifier of light and mainly consists of three parts, viz. , the nucleus, the facing, and the buffer or coating that is used to give strength and protection to the fiber overseas telegram. The nucleus is the cardinal portion of the fiber through which light base on ballss because of the procedure of entire internal contemplation. The cladding surrounds the nucleus, with a different refractile index so that light go throughing through the nucleus stays in that part. The sender consists of an electrical interface, optical modulator and light emitter, and a optical maser rectifying tube or LED for encoding. At the other side, to change over visible radiation into an electrical signal, the receiving system uses either a PIN photodiode or an avalanche photodiode ( APD ) . Several other constituents take portion in set uping an optical fiber nexus ; for illustration, multiplexer, de-multiplexer, signal regenerators, signal repeaters ( or optical amplifiers ) , couplings and splitters. In an optical transmittal system, pick of optical modulators plays an of import portion in the overall public presentation of the system. In this article, we ‘ll concentrate on high-velocity optical modulators, but before we dwell on them in item have a expression at the rudimentss of optical modulators.Optical ModulatorsConverting information in the si gnifier of electric signals into light moving ridges is known as optical transition. This sort of transition can be achieved either straight or externally. In direct transition, information in the signifier of electric signals is applied straight to the light beginning. Many links use this sort of technique to cut down complexness of the system, but when informations rates or the length of the nexus additions, ‘on'/'off ‘ velocity restriction of the optical maser generates waveguide chirp and stage transition. This causes amplitude transition deformation at the receiving system side, which is unwanted for high-definition, high-data-rate communicating. In such a state of affairs, a continuously-‘on ‘ optical maser beginning provides a better solution. That is the basic thought of indirect transition or external transition. In direct transition, digital logic province ‘1'/'0 ‘ is applied straight as ‘on'/'off ‘ electric signal or two dif ferent degrees of electromotive force to the light beginning. In these fortunes, factors like clip invariable of the drive circuitry, building of the visible radiation beginning itself and the features of the transmittal medium ( say, optical fibre ) affect the highest frequence at which the visible radiation beginning can run. Using high-velocity layout and microwave design techniques and high velocity short-pulse integrating ; the job with the circuit and transmittal medium can be minimized. But as stated earlier, the major restriction of this technique is exchanging of the visible radiation beginning itself. In a typical optical maser beginning, this shift cause ‘s electrical and thermic emphasis, which consequences in a frequence displacement known as ‘chirp, ‘ transients and decreased life of the light beginning? In external transition, the optical maser rectifying tube itself stays unmodulated. Data is delivered straight to electrically modulate the crystalli ne stuff like Li niobate. This device can repeatedly exchange visible radiation without impacting the light beginning. Three types of external modulators are normally used: electro-absorption modulators based on Ga – arsenide ( GaAs ) or indium-phosphate ( InP ) semiconducting material, electro ocular modulators based on polarized polymers, and modulators based on electro ocular crystals like Li niobate and other stuffs. Fig. 2 shows the basic difference between direct and external modulators. Over the period, external modulators based on Li niobate ( LiNbO3 ) have become more popular because of its low optical loss and high electro ocular coefficient. Next is described the working of amplitude and stage modulators, followed by their comparing with semiconducting material modulators based on GaAs ( gallium arsenide ) and InP ( indium phosphate ) . There are two normally used types of optical modulators in fibber ocular communicating systems: the electro soaking up modulator ( EAM ) and the Mach-Zehnder modulator ( MZM ) . Electro Absorption Modulator ( EAM ) EAM is little and can be integrated with the optical maser on the same substrate. An EAM combined with a CW optical maser beginning is known as an electro soaking up modulated optical maser. An EML consist of a CW DFB optical maser followed by an EAM, as shown above. Both devices can be integrated monolithically on the same InP substrate, taking to a compact design and low yoke losingss between the two devices. The EAM consists of an active semiconducting material part sandwiched in between a p- and n-doped bed, organizing a p-n junction. The EAM works on the rule known as Franz-Keldysh consequence, harmonizing to which the effectual set spread of a semiconducting material decreases with increasing electric field. Without bias electromotive force across the p-n junction, the set spread of the active part is merely broad plenty to be crystalline at the wavelength of the optical maser visible radiation. However, when a sufficiently big contrary prejudice is applied across the p-n junction, the effectual set spread is reduced to the point where the active part begins to absorb the optical maser visible radiation and therefore becomes opaque. In practical EAMs, the active part normally is structured as an MQW, supplying a stronger field-dependent soaking up consequence ( known as the quantum-confined Stark consequence ) . The relationship between the optical end product power, Pout, and the applied contrary electromotive force, Vm, of an EAM is described by the alleged shift curve. The undermentioned figure illustrates such a curve together with the accomplishable ER for a given shift electromotive force, Vsw. The electromotive force for exchanging the modulator from the on province to the off province, the shift electromotive force Vsw, typically is in the scope of 1.5 to 4 V, and the dynamic ER normally is in the scope of 11 to 13 dubnium. Because the electric field in the active part non merely modulates the soaking up features, but besides the refractile index, the EAM produces some chirp. However, this chirp normally is much less than that of a straight modulated optical maser. A little on-state ( prejudice ) electromotive force about 0 to 1 V frequently is applied to minimise the modulator chirp. Lithium Niobate Mach-Zehnder Modulator ( MZ Modulator ) Lithium Niobate Mach-Zehnder modulators are suited for usage in tube, long-haul ( LH ) and extremist long-haul ( ULH ) optical conveyance applications. The incoming optical signal is split every bit and is sent down two different optical waies. After a few centimeters, the two waies recombine, doing the optical moving ridges to interfere with each other. Such an agreement is known as an interferometer. If the stage displacement between the two moving ridges is 0A ° , so the intervention is constructive and the light strength at the end product is high ( on province ) ; if the stage displacement is 180A ° , so the intervention is destructive and the light strength is zero ( off province ) .The stage displacement, and therefore the end product strength, is controlled by altering the hold through one or both of the optical waies by agencies of the electro-optic consequence. This consequence occurs in some stuffs such as Li niobate ( LiNbO3 ) , some semiconducting materials, every bit good as some polymers and causes the refractile index to alter in the presence of an electric field. The guided-wave LiNbO3 interferometers used to modulate optical maser beams was fabricated every bit early as 1980. LiNbO3 has been the stuff of pick for electro-optic MZ modulator because it combines the desirable qualities of high electro-optic coefficient and high optical transparence in the near-infrared wavelength used for telecommunications.LiNbO3 MZ modulator can run satisfactorily over a wavelength scope of 1300 – 1550nm. It has been widely used in today ‘s high-velocity digital fiber communicating. LiNbO3 MZ modulators with stable operation over a broad temperature scope, really low bias-voltage impetus rates, and bias-free operation are commercially available. High-speed, low-chirp modulators are needed to take advantage of the broad bandwidth of optical fibers. Modulators have became a critical constituent both in the high-velocity time-domain-multiplexing ( TDM ) and wavelength-division-multiplexing systems ( WDM ) . Modulators have been traditionally used to modulate a uninterrupted moving ridge ( CW ) optical maser to bring forth the digital signal to be transmitted through a fiber. High-speed modulator with & gt ; 40GHz bandwidth has been fabricated. Low drive-voltage operation is the key to brining such modulators into practical usage because this eliminates the demand for high-octane electrical amplifiers. There is general a trade off between the velocity and the thrust electromotive force. The modulator chirp must besides be taken into consideration in the nexus design. The design of the modulator and the associated chirp can be used as a grade of freedom to widen nexus distance.Indium Phosphide Mach Zehnder Modulator with DWDM LaserFigure 1 shows the construction of the n-i-n optical wave guide. The construction consists of n-InP facing, an undoped InGaAlAs/InAlAs MQW ( I »PL = 1.37 I?m ) , an Fe-doped SI-InP bed ( Semi-Insulating InP bed ) , and an n-InP facing laminated in this sequence on an SI-InP substrate. In order to avoid losingss of the electrical signal and the optical signal caused by the p-type semiconducting material bed, both the signal and land electrode beds are made with n-type semiconducting material beds in which the loss is about 1/20 of that in the p-type. Besides, a high dislocation electromotive force feature is assured by infixing an SI-InP bed doped with Fe between the n-type clad bed and the i-MQW optical guiding bed. The SI-InP and i-MQW beds are 1.0 and 0.3 I?m. Since the electric field is applied in the limited part within the SI-InP and i-MQW beds, the efficiency of transition of the refractile index by the electro ocular consequence can be made larger. Therefore, low-tension operation and optical transition with a short electrode length can be realized. Fig. 1. Cross-sectional geometry of the n-i-n wave guide In LiNbO3 and III-V semiconducting materials, they are I?33 = 30.8 pm/V ( LiNbO3 modulator ) I?41 a†°? 1.4 pm/V ( InP modulator ) The coefficient in the semiconducting material is about 1/20 that of LiNbO3. However, while the refractile index of LiNbO3 is 2.2, that of the semiconducting material is about 3.2, so that the existent fluctuation of the refractile index in the semiconducting material is 1/7 that of LiNbO3. Therefore, when an optical modulator utilizing the electrooptic consequence is fabricated, the key to size decrease is how the high-density electric field is applied to the optical field. When the constructions of the optical wave guides are compared, the breadth of the n-i-n optical wave guide is A? that in the LiNbO3 modulator and the electrode spacing is from 1/30 to 1/50, so that an electric field more than 100 times as great is applied. Therefore, even with a shorter electrode, fluctuations of the refractile index take topographic point and stage transition can be achieved. To run an optical modulator, an electrode constellation with a distributed component type is effectual, since it is non band-limited by the CR clip changeless. In this manner, a going moving ridge electrode constellation is formed, along which the electrical signal propagates in the same way as the optical moving ridge for optical transition. In order to execute ultra-fast, high-efficiency optical transition with a going moving ridge electrode, two conditions, speed fiting between the optical and electrical moving ridges, and electric resistance matching with a drive system, are of import.a exposure of the bundle for the push-pull constellationFeaturesaˆ? Voltage programmable end product power control aˆ? Long draw public presentation with negligible punishment aˆ? Integral Etalon wavelength stabilization to within A ± 20 autopsy over life aˆ? Differential or individual 50 Ohm low electromotive force thrust transition input aˆ? Integral thermo-electric ice chest with preciseness NTC thermal resistor for temperature control aˆ? Hermetically sealed butterfly manner bundle with SMA RF connections aˆ? ITU Wavelengths available from 1527 nanometer to 1608 nanometer aˆ? 50 GHz channel spacing Parameter Conditions Min Typ Max UnitFIBER OPTIC TECHNOLOGY MICROWAVE AND MILLIMETER WAVE SYSTEMSSide igniter eliminates the dead-zone.Fibre ocular engineering, traditionally used for long draw communications, is happening new applications in short draw communicating systems in military airborne and shipboard platforms. New commercial services such as fibre-to-the-premise for broadband to the concern and place, broadband radio Internet, and digital picture services are being installed across the USA. The service suppliers and installers of these new systems require new methods of proving fibre ocular nexus public presentation in distances from a few metres to less than 1 Km. Optical clip sphere reflect metres ( OTDRs ) traditionally are used for long haul communicating systems but are limited in their usage in military systems and new commercial services due to dead zones. Artisan Laboratories Corporation has developed the Side igniter ( Patent Pending. ) ; a new trial and measuring system eliminates the dead-zone associated with OTDRs therefore doing it attractive for both military and new commercial applications. The Side igniter has a declaration of a few centimeters and is field portable.Radar and Communication System TestingRadar and communicating system trials require out-of-door scopes to find system public presentation. Using an out-of-door scope is expensive and clip devouring so alternate solutions are sought. Radar trials use fixed marks stat mis off from the radio detection and ranging for standardization. Microwave clip holds can be used to imitate marks that allow for proving in a research lab puting. Many bidirectional ( Patent pending ) microwave communicating channel simulator for two manner wireless have been developed the designed demonstrated transmittal at RF and micro-cook frequences that advanced microwave mark allow testing in a research lab environment.CommunicationssFibre ocular transmittal of digital informations for long draw and met ro entree is widely used in the telecommunications industry. As new services are being developed and offered, such as PCS, Broadband Wireless Internet, Digital Video, and Passive Optical Networks, new chances for parallel fibre ocular distribution are emerging. The presentation of a DWDM parallel fibre ocular system used to administer PCS and Broadband. Wireless Internet showed that administering RF over fibre up to 3 GHz has the advantage of simplifying the system architecture and cut downing base station complexness. In this presentation, a DWDM broadband photonic conveyance system was able to run into the demands for both IS-95 Personal Communications Services operating at 1.9 GHz and Broadband Wireless Internet operating over the set of 2.5 to 2.7 GHz. Each DWDM channel operates from 1 to 3 GHz and conveyances services up to 80 Km.Artisan Laboratories Corporation presently offers optical transmittal equipment suited for these applications.SpacecraftNew developments for the following coevals of communicating orbiters and infinite based radio detection and ranging systems include the application of active phased array aerial. In communicating systems, active phased array aerial offer on-board reconfigurability and multi-beam operation. These characteristics greatly cut down concern hazard by leting the beam form to alter depending on client demands. Fibre ocular distribution has been proposed for the transmittal of microwave signals from the orbiter coach to the phased array aerial. The advantage s of utilizing this engineering are higher stage stableness with temperature due to the fibre mechanical to belongingss ; lighter weight and flexibleness of the fiber ; and smaller size of the optical interconnect and optical power splitters. The usage of fiber besides allows for a high degree of integrating with antenna elements therefore cut downing size and weight. Developers are presently developing multi-level microwave photonic faculties that utilize such integrating. While these new developments show promise, fibre ocular distribution has the disadvantage of high power ingestion compared with inactive webs such as coaxal transmittal lines. The increased demand on power ingestion can do the usage of fiber in ballistic capsule prohibitive. To do fibre ocular signal distribution competitory with other transmittal engineerings, Scientists are presently developing a new type of fibre ocular engineering call Ultra visible radiation Fibre Optic Link that can significantly cut down the premier power ingestion of the distribution system.Satellite CommunicationssSATCOM applications make usage of fibre ocular links to have signals from the aerial at a distant location such as a shelter. These links are normally available and operate at an IF of 70 MHz. This architecture requires a low noise amplifier ( LNA ) , frequency interlingual rendition circuitry ( down- convertors ) , local oscillators, filters and a optical maser sender all located at the aerial sit e. Architecture allows for the transmittal of the RF or micro-cook frequence from the orbiter aerial straight over fiber to an integrated exposure receiving system and down-converter system located at a shelter. This architecture reduces the equipment required at the aerial site to the LNA and optical maser sender. Many research labs are offering a high public presentation Low Noise Optical Transmitter System and Integrated Photo receiver Down-Converter System that directs the signal straight from the aerial to a microwave modem. The Low Noise Optical Transmitter System is connected straight to satellite antenna systems extinguishing the demand for a separate low noise amplifier. The Integrated Photo receiver Down-Converter System is an all- in-one system that detects RF and microwave signals over fiber, amplifies the signals, and down-converts them to an intermediate frequence ( IF ) to interface with commercially available microwave informations modems. This system can observe RF over fiber at transition frequences up to 6 GHz and can change over the transition to an IF of 70 MHz or 140 MHz. In applications in which signals from multiple SATCOM aerial must be combined and distributed, DWDM parallel fibre ocular transmittal can be employed. DWDM sender and receiving system capableness include signal transmittal over 100 Km and bandwidth that exceeds multiple octaves with a CNR of 32 dubnium in the set of 950 to 2150 MHz.light beginnings used with fiber-opticOptical BeginningThe basic demands for the visible radiations beginnings used in optical communicating systems depend on the nature of the intended application ( long-haul communicating, local-area web, etc. ) . Both light-emitting rectifying tubes ( LEDs ) and laser rectifying tubes are used as beginnings. Laser rectifying tubes have the advantage of high power ( 10s of mW ) , high velocities, and narrow spectral breadth. LEDs have the advantages of huskiness, dependability, lower cost, long life-time, and simpleness of design. However, they suffer from comparatively broader line breadth and lower bandwidth. If we use external wavelength filters, this may diminish the power coupled. Even at a individual â€Å" colour † ( wavelength ) several manners may be present. Matching to a single-mode fibre will lose the power in these other manners. Therefore the chief characteristics for a light beginning are: 1 ) Power. The beginning power must be sufficiently high so that after transmittal through the fibre the standard signal is noticeable with the needed truth. This includes stableness of that power both in amplitude and frequence. 2 ) Speed. It must be possible to modulate the beginning power at the coveted rate. 3 ) Spectral line breadth. The beginning must hold a narrow spectral line breadth so that the consequence of chromatic scattering in the fibre is minimized. What is the consequence of a finite I†I » ( scattering ) on your system? 4 ) Noise. The beginning must be free of random fluctuations. 5 ) Emission wavelength. Contrast to fiber fading. 6 ) Emission pattern – The beginning power must be coupled to the fibre. Both light end product country and manner distribution in the beam can be of import. Light moving ridges travel in the optical fibre in the signifier of manners, each with a distinguishable spacial distribution, polarisation, extension invariable, group speed, and fading coefficient. Thus the fibre chosen for your system must run into the design ends after consideration of: 1 ) Multi-mode fibre whether step-index, or graded-index. Single-mode fibre. 2 ) Core size 3 ) Core refractile index profile 4 ) Bandwidth and scattering features 5 ) Attenuation dB/km ( including any connections and splicings ) which is a map of cardinal wavelength. Fibers are widely used in light applications. They are used as light ushers in medical and other applications where bright visible radiation demands to be shone on a mark without a clear line-of-sight way. In some edifices, optical fibres are used to route sunshine from the roof to other parts of the edifice ( see non-imaging optics ) . Optical fiber light is besides used for cosmetic applications, including marks, art, and unreal Christmas trees. Swarovski dress shops use optical fibres to light their crystal show windows from many different angles while merely using one light beginning. Optical fiber is an intrinsic portion of the light-transmitting concrete edifice merchandise, LiTraCon. A Frisbee illuminated by fiber optics A fiber-optic Christmas Tree A fiber-optic Christmas Tree Optical fiber is besides used in imaging optics. A consistent package of fibers is used, sometimes along with lenses, for a long, thin imagination device called an endoscope, which is used to see objects through a little hole. Medical endoscopes are used for minimally invasive exploratory or surgical processs ( endoscopy ) . Industrial endoscopes ( see fiberscope or bore range ) are used for inspecting anything difficult to make, such as jet engine insides. An optical fiber doped with certain rare-earth elements such as Er can be used as the addition medium of a optical maser or optical amplifier. Rare-earth doped optical fibres can be used to supply signal elaboration by splicing a short subdivision of doped fiber into a regular ( undoped ) optical fiber line. The doped fiber is optically pumped with a 2nd optical maser wavelength that is coupled into the line in add-on to the signal moving ridge. Both wavelengths of visible radiation are transmitted through the doped fiber, which transfers energy from the 2nd pump wavelength to the signal moving ridge. The procedure that causes the elaboration is stimulated emanation. Optical fibers doped with a wavelength shifter are used to roll up scintillation visible radiation in physics experiments. Optical fiber can be used to provide a low degree of power ( around one W ) to electronics situated in a hard electrical environment. Examples of this are electronics in high-octane aerial elements and measuring devices used in high electromotive force transmittal equipment. Optical fibers are besides used in fibre ocular gyroscopes, and other interferometers instruments.Principle of operationAn optical fiber is a cylindrical insulator wave guide that transmits light along its axis, by the procedure of entire internal contemplation. The fibre consists of a nucleus surrounded by a facing bed. To restrict the optical signal in the nucleus, the refractile index of the nucleus must be greater than that of the facing. The boundary between the nucleus and facing may either be disconnected, in step-index fiber, or gradual, in graded-index fiber.Multimode fiberThe extens ion of visible radiation through a multi-mode optical fiber. Fiber with big ( greater than 10A I?m ) core diameter may be analyzed by geometric optics. Such fiber is called multimode fiber, from the electromagnetic analysis ( see below ) . In a step-index multimode fiber, beams of visible radiation are guided along the fiber nucleus by entire internal contemplation. Rays that run into the core-cladding boundary at a high angle ( measured relation to a line normal to the boundary ) , greater than the critical angle for this boundary, are wholly reflected. The critical angle ( minimal angle for entire internal contemplation ) is determined by the difference in index of refraction between the nucleus and facing stuffs. Beams that meet the boundary at a low angle are refracted from the nucleus into the facing, and do non convey visible radiation and hence information along the fiber. The critical angle determines the credence angle of the fiber, frequently reported as a numerical aperture. A high numerical aperture allows visible radiation to prop agate down the fibre in beams both close to the axis and at assorted angles, leting efficient yoke of visible radiation into the fiber. However, this high numerical aperture increases the sum of scattering as beams at different angles have different way lengths and hence take different times to track the fiber. A low numerical aperture may hence be desirable. A typical single-mode optical fiber, demoing diameters of the constituent beds. Optical fiber types. In graded-index fibre, the index of refraction in the nucleus decreases continuously between the axis and the facing. This causes light beams to flex swimmingly as they approach the facing, instead than reflecting suddenly from the core-cladding boundary. The ensuing curving waies cut down multi-path scattering because high angle beams pass more through the lower-index fringe of the nucleus, instead than the high-index centre. The index profile is chosen to minimise the difference in axial extension velocities of the assorted beams in the fiber. This ideal index profile is really near to a parabolic relationship between the index and the distance from the axis.Single manner fiberFibre with a nucleus diameter less than approximately 10 times the wavelength of the propagating visible radiation can non be modelled utilizing geometric optics. Alternatively, it must be analyzed as an electromagnetic construction, by solution of Maxwell ‘s equations as reduced to the electromagnetic moving ridge equation. The electromagnetic analysis may besides be required to understand behaviors such as spot that occur when coherent visible radiation propagates in multi-mode fiber. As an optical wave guide, the fiber supports one or more confined transverse manners by which visible radiation can propagate along the fiber. Fibre back uping merely one manner is called single-mode or mono-mode fiber. The behavior of larger-core multimode fiber can besides be modelled utilizing the moving ridge equation, which shows that such fibre supports more than one manner of extension ( hence the name ) . The consequences of such modeling of multi-mode fiber about agree with the anticipations of geometric optics, if the fiber nucleus is big plenty to back up more than a few manners. The wave guide analysis shows that the light energy in the fiber is non wholly confined in the nucleus. Alternatively, particularly in single-mode fibers, a important fraction of the energy in the edge manner travels in the facing as an evanescent moving ridge. The most common type of single-mode fiber has a nucleus diameter of 8 to 10 I?m and is designed for usage in the close infrared. The manner construction depends on the wavelength of the visible radiation used, so that this fibre really supports a little figure of extra manners at seeable wavelengths. Multi-mode fiber, by comparing, is manufactured with nucleus diameters every bit little as 50 micrometres and every bit big as 100s of micrometres.Special-purpose fiberSome special-purpose optical fiber is constructed with a non-cylindrical nucleus and/or cladding bed, normally with an egg-shaped or rectangular cross-section. These include polarization-maintaining fiber and fiber designed to stamp down whispering gallery manner extension. Photonic crystal fiber is made with a regular form of index fluctuation ( frequently in the signifier of cylindrical holes that run along the length of the fibre ) . Such fibre utilizations diffraction effects alternatively of or in add-on to entire internal contemplation, to restrict visible radiation to the fiber ‘s nucleus. The belongingss of the fiber can be tailored to a broad assortment of applications.

Monday, July 29, 2019

Training skills and implications of an aging workforce Essay

Training skills and implications of an aging workforce - Essay Example Majority of organizations remain imprudent at best in their endeavor to supervise their personnel from retirement suitability to time or cost indispensable to fill an empty position. Such entities lack precious information, which is helpful in guiding and regulating future plans to respond to departing workers. Many baby boomers are likely to exit from organizations in the coming years. Upon their departure, they take away valuable knowledge and experience with them, which negatively impacts the organization (Davidson, Lepeak, & Newman, 2007). The ageing population in Europe and other modern nations and its impacts on the labor market with regards to the balance of labor scarcity or the outflow of personnel and likely costs is more than organization’s concern. The debate is dominating the political arena, with economic viewpoints on possible considerations also up-and-coming in the debate. For illustration, a recent report by the OECD laid out policies and punishments for orga nizations for laying-off elder workers. This course of action may have negative effects as it may lessen hiring rates of older workers. From this policy, commendations are clear as to the best kind of employment protection for ageing workers. That is, to increase their employability and increase the range of employment opportunities more generally. Several fields of action are set out, namely enhancing lifelong learning, the adaptation of training methods to the needs of ageing workers, as well as, the promotion of the delayed retirement of this group of employees. Some of the key barriers that may hinder improvement of older workers employability are; poor working conditions, poor or lack of public services to assist aging workers in their special needs, and their lower participation in training. Inflexible working schedules also hamper training needs to increase employability of ageing workers. Sufficient online services may partially fill of the gaps and offer additional services . A recent study of the Glasgow area holds that the use of ICT and online services provided in a community based course to unemployed people empowers them to accomplish high levels of income and skills for future jobs (Cabrera & Malanowski, 2009). Whenever the subject of the ageing population is mentioned, pointers always go for the baby boom generation, which generally refers to people born in 1946 to 1964. These people are likely to exit employment in the coming years. Ageing population is further compounded by attributes of generations following the baby boomers into the workforce, in relation to their volume, enthusiasm and skills. Subsequent generations following baby boom experienced fairly low birth rates, leading to lesser people entering the workforce to fill the gaps left by exiting workers. In addition, the generation X, Y, and Z are associated with high turnover rates. Indisputably, the ageing labor force will impact organizations in different ways, and the impacts depen d on numerous factors. These are such as the present workforce, demographics and future capacity to attract substitute personnel. A critical examination on the potential impact of the ageing workers can aid organizations to initiate practical human

Sunday, July 28, 2019

Human sexuality (Topic is based on what you write) Essay

Human sexuality (Topic is based on what you write) - Essay Example Cases of sexual abuse have been reported in many parts of the world but the numbers on sexual abuse on children are alarming. Child sexual abuse occurs when an adults be it male or female uses a child forcefully or willingly to satisfy their sexual urges. The reasons as to why an adult chooses to assult a child sexually are very many and similary the effects of sexual abuse on the child are many. The processes of sexual abuse follows a progression that begins from winning the childs attention and trust, then creating a comfort zone for the child and later having sexual intercourse with the child . the progress cycle continues by the adult forcing the child to have sex with them continually and blackmailing the child so that he/she does not disclose the information. The child could either choose to keep the information secret or either disclose it a factor that affects the extent to which the harassment goes. Releasing the information could either liberate the child or burry them furt her into the act depending on the kind of person the child talks to and how the person reacts to the information. To control such situation education on sexual abuse on children should be given to all people so that people can know how to react to the situation when it gets to them. According to the National Abuse and Neglects Data systems(NCANDS), of all the reported cases of children abuse or neglection, 10% of the children were victims of sexual abuse(U.S.Department of Health and Human Services). Their data analysis done in 2005 showed that 83,800 children were sexually abused in a span of one year raising the concern of the situation. The number of cases are expected to be double the number since the larger percentage is of those who do not report the cases. Statistics from the analysis further indicated that the number of girls sexually harassed were more than that of the girls indicating that child sexual abuse is

Saturday, July 27, 2019

Dunkin Donuts Exam2 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Dunkin Donuts Exam2 - Research Paper Example The customers are also allowed to make decisions and give opinions on the same. The group has also developed a strategy to offer information about nutrition, and avail a wide selection of items on their menus. The group has also introduced great tasting fast foods that take into consideration the kind of lifestyle as well as meeting crucial dietary needs. Dunkin’ Group was among the first to introduce donuts with zero grams Trans fat. Later, they modified their ice cream to be the same. The group also established a board that would help address nutritional matters. The board comprised of experts on nutrition, wellness and health (Dunkin, 2014). They were to help with the development and regeneration of products that would take into consideration the rising needs of the customers. The research helps the company to anticipate and understand wellness and health trends and instils modern nutritional science in the development of the menu. The group has also a strategy to provide h ealth-related information to the public. The group ensures that information on calories is brought out in an easily comprehendible manner. The group has also started using foam cups to serve their coffee. The cup has benefits such as keeping the coffee hotter for longer hours. The group has also resolved to use recycled napkins to reduce waste of napkins. The company has set an objective to concentrate its efforts on making healthier food substances from the items they bake. They do this while focussing on the opportunities the market presents. It is also among the long-term objectives by Dunkin’ Donuts Group to expand their menus so that they can offer non-traditional items such as iced-coffee. The company aims at providing speedy services. They also aim at making products that are of a constant quality and at affordable prices. These are crucial for the company to earn consumer loyalty (Dunkin, 2013). The company is set to go for production methods that are

Friday, July 26, 2019

PICOT research question created and abstracts to support Assignment

PICOT research question created and abstracts to support - Assignment Example RESULTS: Baseline and six-month quality of life measures did not correlate with recorded arrhythmias. However, perceptions of diminished general health correlated significantly with symptoms of exercise intolerance, lightheadedness/dizziness, palpitations and chest pain/pressure. By multivariable logistic regression, more severe perceived episodes, symptoms of exercise intolerance and lightheadedness/dizziness were independently associated with diminished quality of life. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: The findings of this study indicate that symptomatic  heart failure  patients suffer from poor quality of life and that interventions are needed to improve quality of life and decrease symptom severity. Nurses who care for  heart failure  patients play an essential role in symptom evaluation and management and could significantly improve overall quality of life in these patients by carefully evaluating symptomatology and testing interventions and educational programmes aimed at improving quality of life (Hickey, et al., 2102). METHODS: In a cross-sectional study of 318 patients with chronic systolic HF recruited in 48 German primary care practices, we evaluated the patient-reported European HF Self-care  Behaviour  scale (EHFScBs) assessments (range 12-60, where lower scores indicate better self-care). Potential determinants included socio-demographic (e.g. age, living status), clinical (e.g. NYHA class, LVEF, NT-proBNP levels, co-morbidities), behavioural (e.g. smoking and alcohol intake), psychosocial (SF-36 scales and KCCQ domains, e.g. quality of life and self-efficacy) and  depression  status (PHQ-D), plus previous health care utilisation. Mixed regression modelling was applied. RESULTS: Patients had a mean (SD) age of 69.0 (10.4) years and were 71% male. They had a good overall EHFScBs score of 24.7 (7.8) (n=274). In the final regression model (n=271), six determinants were retained (ÃŽ ²; descriptive p-value):

Thursday, July 25, 2019

The need theories of motivation are culturally based Essay

The need theories of motivation are culturally based - Essay Example David McClelland classifies the needs of motivation into three categories, which include the need for achievement, the need for affiliation, and the need for power. People are often motivated to work towards achieving organizational goals mainly because the activities satisfy important needs that they crave. The need to satisfy one’s shortcomings is the best motivating factor from within an individual that acts as a driving force in the organizational environment among employees. This principle of self-interest is often referred as what is in it for me (WIITFM) (Dubrin, 2011, p.391). However, the need theories of motivation are classified by Maslow as hierarchical. Needs are satisfied beginning from the lower basic needs towards higher needs to serve as motivating factors for employees. Once lower needs have been achieved, the need ceases to be a motivating factor and therefore higher needs must be provided to motivate the employees. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs states t hat the lowest needs are the primary needs for survival, which must first be satisfied, followed by the secondary needs such as the need for safety. The higher needs after primary and secondary needs include the need for love, sense of belonging, self-esteem and self-actualization (Milliken & Honeycutt, 2004, p.73). McClelland's Theory of Needs Acquired theories proposed by David McClelland state that individual's personal needs are gradually acquired over a period of time with respect to the cultures and life experiences with which individuals grow up with. In general, these acquired needs, according to David McClelland, are classified into the need for achievement, power, and affiliation. These theories are referred to as learned need theories that motivate and influence the efficiency and effectiveness of employees under the working environment they are subjected. The need for achievement influences people to have a strong desire to become excellent in whatever work they do and t herefore have the tendency to evade tasks that are either high risk or low risk. Individuals with the need for achievement have the perception that low-risk tasks have no genuine success due to ease with which the success can be attained. These kinds of individuals’ tasks have fifty to fifty percent chance of success and may work best if periodically given a feedback concerning the progress of their success. Efficiency and effectiveness of high achievers may also be attained if they are given the chance to work alone or to work with highly successful individuals. The need for affiliation with other people may also improve effectiveness of employees if attained. Some individuals desire to have a harmonious relationship and feel accepted among the people they work with through conformity with norms of a work group. Individuals with a high need for affiliations are able to work well under working conditions that provide adequate personal interaction. Such needs fit best in worki ng environments such as customer services and employee-to-employee interaction situations (Pynes, 2008). The need for power as a motivating factor exists in two categories: institutional and personal need. Individuals with the need for personal power have the tendency of directing others even if unnecessary, while individuals with th

Wednesday, July 24, 2019

International Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International Business - Essay Example When we talk about a country Comparative advantage, they are the Superior features of a country which provide it with unique benefits in global competition derived weather from national endowments or deliberate national policies. It is concept that helps answers the question all nations can gain and sustain national economic superiority. Competitive Advantage of a country’s firm is distinctive assets or competencies of a company derived from its size, assets, innovation strengths which are difficult for its competitors to duplicate or imitate. In other words the concepts tells us how a firm can gain and sustain distinctive competence vis a vis competitors. (Theories of International Trade and Investment, 2008) Single Market - European Union The European Union is a group of Western European nations working to unite the economic resources into a single economy. It is a group of 27 member states which have been united to create a political and economic community throughout Europe . The European Union imports and exports more than any one country in the world. The community’s chief trade partner is the United States. The community have special trade agreements with many other countries (European community). The main purpose behind European Union is to provide better economy to the poorer countries in Europe. It also means that trade between these countries is cheaper. Apart from this the European Union aims to promote economic and social progress and a high level of employment opportunities, thus maintaining sustainable development and a better standard of living and Gross Domestic Product of the economy. Through the establishment of economic and monetary union, they create an area without internal frontiers, which includes a single currency and it makes trade much easier. One of the reasons behind the formation of European Union was to provide a common defence phenomenon. In this way all the members will be secure in terms of defence. Through the intr oduction of the citizenship of Union, the rights and interests of the nationals are strengthened and protected (Folketinget). Internally the European Union has abolished trade barriers, experiencing a common currency and is constantly striving towards the convergence of improved living standards. In the words of Central Intelligence Agency : â€Å"The European Union faces a lot of difficulty in devising and enforcing common policies because of the differences in the per capita income among member states. Between 2004 and 2007, 12 countries were added to the European Union which are generally less advanced than the remaining 15 countries. Being a large Union, it has a couple of transnational issues.†The European Union itself has no border disputes with the neighbouring countries. But technically Estonia has no land agreements with Russia; on the other hand Slovenia disputes its land and maritime boundaries with Croatia. Similarly Spain has territorial and maritime issues with Morocco and with the UK over Gibraltar (Central Intelligence Agency). A single market is a trading bloc. It comprises of a free trading are and has common policies. There is freedom of movement where assets like land, labour, capital and enterprise are concerned. The main objective is that these factors of production are mobile. All the trade barriers, whether it be in the form of

THE EVOLUTION OF MACROECONOMICS IN THE UK Essay

THE EVOLUTION OF MACROECONOMICS IN THE UK - Essay Example In this sense, it can be implied that only in times of market failures are governments are justified to intervene. This paper will explore the different viewpoints of classical and Keynesian economic principles and concludes how prevailing economic policies are only transient and evolutionary. II. Fundamental Policy Issues A. Classical Economics The classical economic thought resides on the simple concept that the market can work effectively even without any form of human intervention. The market, as Adam Smith puts it, possesses an invisible hand that automatically puts the economy back into plump shape when otherwise with the guiding advocacy to let the government leave market activity into the interests of individuals (2009z: 400). Smith states that the â€Å"governments that intervene in the market activity only represent the wealthy and the powerful† rather than a mass (as cited in Sowell 1994: 23). Even to classical liberals such as Frederic Bastiat, state interference o n any activity which goes beyond its functions (i.e. maintaining order and justice) is a â€Å"usurpation upon conscience, upon intelligence, upon industry; in a word upon human liberty† (as cited in Haney 1911: 257). ... From this standpoint stemmed the principle of laissez-faire which would eventually resolve deficiencies in employment and output levels. B. Keynesian Economics According to the brainchild of Keynesian economics, John Maynard Keynes, the government is the only fundamental societal structure that can manage the aggregate demand from households, businesses, and the government itself to ensure price stability (Korten 2010). Keynesian economics assume the opposite of what classical economists theorise -- that a free market is not self-correcting so that it would result in unemployment in the process (the Great Depression, being the proof). Furthermore, market forces will consume a long period to bring back full employment because in the real -time market, demand is not sufficient to maintain full employment (Cowling & Sugden 1990: 108). Keynesian economists say that in order to efficiently sustain employment at full level, the government must push through monetary and fiscal policies (i.e . increase government spending and decrease taxation) in order to stimulate the aggregate demand for commodities, hence creating additional employment opportunities (Cowling & Sugden 1990: 108). When there is a right level of demand, the supply-side would look after itself (Cowling & Sugden 1990: 108). This would result in an increase of budget deficit (Cowling & Sugden 1990). However, Keynesian economists sustain that this is only justifiable. III. Theory A. Market Equilibrium: On Fluctuating Prices a.1. Classical Perspective Market clearing in both the labor and commodities markets is entirely possible because of equilibrium forces (Free 2010: 73). For instance, when the supply exceeds demand, the market reaches equilibrium if prices decrease which is only an inevitable

Tuesday, July 23, 2019

Existentialist Concepts of The Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka Essay

Existentialist Concepts of The Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka - Essay Example Due to such dilemma, the family was faced with financial troubles and the aging parents had to find jobs. Gregor formerly provided for all the necessities in the Samsa house and has efficiently done so as a businessman. He rented a modest house for the whole family to stay in and had to work harder in order to maintain the good life that his family was enjoying. He was concerned about the affairs of his parents and sister, thinking about their future, planning even for her sister. He meant to send her sister to the conservatory but with the turn of events, her young sister had to find a job and study at the same time. In addition to her tasks, Gregor’s sister, Grete, placed upon herself to look after the needs of her brother, bringing him his food and cleaning his room everyday. When the family’s savings run out, they thought of giving up the house because they cannot afford it anymore but they cannot leave it for fear about Gregor’s condition. They then found te nants to help pay off the bills and it was during this time that Gregor revealed himself to them. Although it was not the intention of the monster Gregor to show himself to the tenants, he forgot about being considerate when he was drawn by the playing of the violin of her sister. When the tenants found out that there was such a creature near their room, they demanded the Samsa’s that they cannot pay their bills because of the beast. With this, Grete lose control of herself and complained to her parents saying they better get rid of her monster brother. That night, everyone went to their rooms miserable especially Gregor. Early in the morning, the beast breathed his last and his corpse was soon found by the cleaner later. When she made noises commenting on the dead animal, the Samsa’s woke up to see if Gregor was indeed dead. Upon confirmation, they all gathered together in their room and had a small talk. They soon got rid of the tenants and wrote letters of excusal t o the people concerned with their affairs. Mr. Samsa wrote to his employer, the wife to her contractor and the daughter to her principal because they decided to have a break from all their hard labor and their miserable times in their house. The story reflects existentialist concepts of self-awareness. The vivid descriptions and the seemingly unending suspense in the story eventually stirs the readers to question what is really happening in the story which in turn makes one wonder about the significance of the scenes in real life. In the animalistic state of Gregor, he has come to an awareness of what he has become and how his family could turn against him now that he is useless and becoming a great burden to them. This is specially emphasized in the first part of the story when Gregor did not yet know what he had become. The thought that he was still himself who just felt a little queer or sick made him wonder about the reactions of the chief clerk and his parents. The span of time to Gregor’s discovery of his transformation may have taken a long time because he never thought that he was different. However, when he realized his situation, Gregor became considerate enough to his family members, hiding himself whenever the door opens in order not to frighten whoever entered his room. Similarly, the other members of the family gave more meaning to their existence as they sought to help themselves in their dire situation. Grete and her parents seemed satisfied

Monday, July 22, 2019

Business Mgt Essay Example for Free

Business Mgt Essay Part I. Assume you have taken over responsibility to play the lead Information Technology (IT) management role in Magnum Enterprises. Your boss, Rachel Heigl, is Magnum’s CIO. The IT management group is comprised of six people who you will be supervising. Ms. Heigl is an enlightened manager, and she believes that if you are to carry out your responsibilities effectively, you need to work with her in defining your IT management role. As a first step, she invites you to write a short statement where you describe what you see to be your role as head of the IT management effort at Magnum. Proper IT Management requires researching and discerning information technology as a company resource guiding both operational and crucial company capabilities. Using information technology to maximize satisfaction of the customer alongside productivity and profitability will ensure that our competiveness with other business stays at a maximum. In turn IT can make business processes more effective and efficient to provide said resources to customers. The lead IT shall ensure performance of the company through managing technology while encompassing priorities of the business into the role. Striving to be a partner with great initiative this business will discover its leader will have accomplished and achieved what they desired. My first role of business would be to establish the parameters and to understand the IT knowledge areas. These are made up of development processes; management challenges information technologies, business applications and foundation concepts. Concepts of the foundation are making sure the role of information systems paired with business and technical concepts are a familiarity with the end user. Familiarity of concepts in entry level information systems bind with a competitive strategy can lead to an overwhelming strategic advantage. Educating Magnum’s team upon the significance of information technology with the three roles that the business world performs in order to combine business management, software, and hardware capabilities. At the Management level, decision making would lead to significant improvements for IT utilization. Business operations see information systems as a huge support to review and collect data from financial operations, managing manufacturing processes that are very sophisticated, tracking company inventory, and productivity. The use of metrics paired with identifying trends to assist the company in making informed decisions faster to provide information about our competitors. IT  is used quite often to provide a strategic support advantage for the company. Automated inventory and ordering systems an assist with the savings costs. With this information we would need to review our mission statement that identifies the company’s functions, provides oversight on the overall goal, a sense of direction, and guides decision making. Investigating and development towards understanding how we generate money and ensuring a customer base for our company. Envisioning the business plan, mission, with current IT structure and the ability to communicate with senior leadership will guide me with necessary tools to assist the Chief Information Officer (CIO). To ensure a strategic IT plan is created in which will be shared and implemented with my team. Planning to have Magnum’s team familiar with data resource management capabilities, hardware, networks, telecommunications, and software within the company is the second area of information systems known as information technologies. In today’s society PDA’s (personal digital assistants; IE. Blackberry’s ETC.) Personal computers and network servers are integral computer hardware and are crucial in our business environment. Being extremely knowledgeable is vital to our team troubleshooting and resolving hardware issues instead of having to call anot her company for maintenance. We have the ability to break down our company’s software into two categories, application software and system software. Both types normally off the consumer shelf as commercial software instead of having an employee on the team write the software codes for these programs. I plan to ensure my teams are extremely familiar with all software programs and have a firm foundation when troubleshooting and resolving technical issues. Additionally, if not already formed, I will institute a configuration control board and implement test scenarios to ensure future hardware and software being purchased will not have compatibility issues. Also a part of information technologies is data resource management. This is essential in sustaining and maintaining our company. We will require a database management system of good quality that is capable of data consolidating into a database in turn can be accessed my several program applications. Within the past fifteen to twenty years networks and telecommunications software have played a vital role. To ensure the expansion and growth for Magnum Enterprises, we will need out network to be consistent, reliable, monetary sufficient. I would prepare the team to  either install or review and change as needed our network management system that assists with traffic management, capacity planning, network monitoring, and security in essence that our system will grow and change with modern day business culture and practices as the company expands. In order to have the most dependable and proven with the cost of it a ring network should be put into place. The next area, development processes, deals with designing, planning, identifying ideas, and implementing information systems to meet potential business opportunities. It is critical that we ensure our business management capabilities alongside our hardware and software are integrated successfully within our company. Basis within t he development process and depending upon the circumstance, there are a couple of processes we want our team to employ as resolving problems com along with our business systems. Those processes are considered or known as the prototyping approach and he systems development life-cycle. The synopsis of prototyping involves quickly developing or constructing test modules of a desired system in which we will engage when we cannot determine or classify the end user requirements. These systems would be used to assist our personnel with the capabilities to design or create an information system that will be intuitive and easy to navigate for consumers. Prototyping involves four steps with the first being investigation and analysis step. This step, requirements grouped and defined. Second, is the analysis and design step in which a model is developed and constructed to meet consumer business requirements. Next, in the design and implementation, this finalizes the model that was tested and begins the initial installation. The last step to this four step process is implementation and maintenance, which would consist of the business system being accepted, used, and maintained. Prototyping advantages are: decrease in the development time, development costs and requires user i nvolvement. This generates higher satisfaction results. I plan to employ this type of approach to small initiatives. The next area is business application for information systems. This will consist of being familiar with commerce and business applications for our employees and which are used within the company to make strategic leadership and management decisions. A few of the most used business applications within a majority of companies are accounting, human resource management, enterprise resource planning, supply chain management, customer relationship management, financial management,  and supply chain management. An Architectural picture of or IT business applications will ensure that I will have familiarity with all applications that we use. This approach will identify the current interrelationships, interfaces with customer, employees, business applications, and stake holders. We will then need to review the chart and see if there are any potential process improvements that we can make to integrate those systems cross functionally and keep operational costs to a minimum. The systems devel opment lifecycle employs the systems approach to create IT solutions. This lifecycle is often utilized for large applications and it is composed of five processes that I expect my team to know and become familiar when employing the systems development lifecycle: systems investigation, systems analysis, systems design, systems implementation and systems maintenance. The first process, systems investigation, involves project brainstorming, planning and performing a feasibility study. During the brainstorming and planning initiative, a project management implementation plan is created identifying the detailed steps that will be accomplished during the creation and development of the system. The feasibility study is critically important as this outlines all requirements for the system. It also explores four major areas, organizational, economic, technical, and operational feasibility, which determines if it’s worthwhile to invest in potential business ventures. In reviewing the organization’s feasibility, we need to determine if the system is in line with and supports our company’s strategic objectives. The economic feasibility identifies and evaluates the project’s tangible and intangible cost and benefits. Technical feasibility is assessed by confirming if the necessary hardware and software will be available or can be developed and tested before implementation. Operational feasibility is determined by the motivation, desire, willingness, and competence of the stakeholders (management, employees, customers and suppliers) to use and operate the proposed system. Systems Analysis consists of consolidating requirements and includes a detailed breakdown of the business needs and requirements of the organization. This starts with an organizational analysis from one of the business end users. This individual must be keenly aware of the organizational management structure, business requirements, and current IT systems operati ons and its proposed relationship with the newly created system. Some of the outputs generated from the systems analysis  include system flowcharts, data flow diagrams, and connectivity diagrams which aid in the development of the analysis report The next process, systems design, focuses on the design, process diagrams, business rules, and developing specifications for the hardware, software, data resources that will meet the proposed requirements for new business system. The three major outputs produced from the systems design phase are user data, interface, and process design. The fourth process of the systems development lifecycle is system implementation. This encompasses either acquiring the hardware or software or developing it from company resources and then testing the products in a test environment to see how well they operate and integrate with your existing IT architecture. If testing goes well, an implementation plan including training end users and developing system documentation will be accomplished prior to incorporating and execu ting this system within our IT architecture. The final process, systems maintenance consists of consistently monitoring and evaluating the newly implemented system. This also includes correcting errors and discrepancies not identified during the testing phase and continuously making system improvements, advancements and upgrades. The final area of information systems is management challenges. There are numerous challenges that our IT team may be faced with at Magnum Enterprises. One challenge is addressing our security concerns which involve several areas. For instance, our IT team needs be constantly vigilant and on the alert for potential competitors trying to or actually hacking into our systems to steal or damage our data. Additionally, we may also be challenged with setting up restrictions and locking down the network for personnel to only use the network and its software applications for official business. Ensuring that our software is controlled and that employees are not illegally making copies of software for personal use is another area of concern. Preventing virus attacks to our network and installing anti-virus software to diagnose and remove computer viruses is of utmost concern. Failure to maintain a secure network can potentially halt our business from being productive and resulting in thousands of dollars in lost revenue. Additional challenges the IT team may be faced with may involve expanding our infrastructure and network to address our growing business. Ensuring our network provides our employees accessibility to the data they need, wherever they require it, regardless of their location will test our innovativeness.  The company may not have a backup plan to allow it to operate effectively and efficiently in the event of a forced relocation. If that is the case, I will recommend to our management staff that we establish a continuity of operations plan enabling us to relocate with minimum impact to our business operations like a hot site for temporary functionality. In the dynamic world of IT we will always be faced with challenges, however, utilizing IT and being on the leading edge of new IT systems provides our business with many benefits and makes our organization more effective and efficient. For example, IT can be used to improve and promote new business processes such as creating an automated inventory system which will save money in additional labor costs. Another use of IT in making it more efficient and effective is that using certain software programs enables us to identify and target our top customers in terms of profitability to our business. In summary, IT enables our company to successfully plan, integrate, manage, and carry out strategies which lead to profit. Part II. Six months after you take over the lead IT management role at Magnum, the CIO, Ms. Rachel Heigl, is pleased with your work. She has just attended a meeting of Magnum’s executive committee (the committee comprised of the most senior managers of Magnum), where the CEO and Vice President of marketing have indicated that Magnum’s mediocre e-business capabilities must be strengthened. As CIO, Ms. Heigl is given primary responsibility in improving Magnum’s e-business performance. She in turn puts you in charge of a small task force comprised of representatives from the marketing, operations, finance, and legal departments. In order to advance and improve Magnum’s e-business performance operations, it’s vital I establish a cohesive team with representatives from the marketing, operations, finance, and legal departments. Their input and perspective is necessary and essential in developing a way ahead and strategic plan for the future of our e-busin ess department. Developing success with our e-business begins with marketing the company. Marketing is concerned with developing and creating an innovative plan so that the product or service can be promoted and sold. Promoting our products and services are key and critical in attracting new customers as well as maintaining our current customer base. It is important that I develop an understanding of the marketing role and how it can benefit  by using Information Technology systems. Marketing information systems support well established and e-commerce processes that sustain major elements within the marketing function and is described as a continuing and interacting structure of people, equipment and procedures to gather, sort, analyze, evaluate, and distribute pertinent, timely and accurate information for use by marketing decision makers to improve their marketing planning, implementation, and control. The major components of marketing information systems include interactive marketing, sales force automation, customer relationship management, sales management, product management, targeted marketing, and market research. Two of the seven components I will be discussing are interactive marketing and customer relationship management. In our environment today, marketing information systems aid marketing personnel in a variety of tasks associated with branding products and customer service initiatives. For instance, interactive marketing is largely dependent on utilizing the internet, which permits the business and its customers and potential customers to become partners in developing, socializing, acquiring and advancing products and services. With the IT department enabling this type of communication, the company benefits from generating new ideas for other products and services as well as establishing strong customer loyalty. Another area within the marketing information systems is C ustomer Relationship Management (CRM). This incorporates and automates many customer service processes. It consists of utilizing an IT framework to construct, automate, and integrate marketing processes with the company’s business operations. CRM is usually comprised of a software suite that allows a business to provide efficient, effective and reliable service to its customers. Additionally, CRM permits a company to identify and target their most important customers as well as facilitate real-time customization of products and services based on the customer’s wants and desires. Understanding the marketing department’s views and concerns enables the IT department to implement and install an IT infrastructure that will be capable of supporting various information technologies. Some of the benefits that can be obtained from the marketing department are: an opportunity to increase sales and revenue, a chance to touch new market areas, 24/7 accessibility for the customer, and more flexibility and convenie nce for the customers. The production and operations function is supported by  manufacturing information systems. Manufacturing information systems are designed to be used specifically in an operations and production environment. Different types of manufacturing information systems consist of computer integrated manufacturing (CIM), process control, machine control and robotics. CIM involves using computers to control the total manufacturing process, from design to distribution, to produce produces products of the highest caliber. Process control involves utilizing computers to oversee and control continuing physical processes. Machine control consists of using a computer based system to direct the actions of a machine. Robotics involves designing, constructing, and building machines that have the intelligence of a computer and human like physical capabilities. It’s key I understand how the operations representative depends on these information systems to operate effectively as well as their expec tations for these systems. Working together as a team will enable the IT and operations department to develop better ideas to increase the manufacturing and production process. Developing an understanding of all the accounting and financial based systems within our business and discussing these systems with the finance representative enables our IT and finance departments to plan effectively when troubleshooting and performing upgrades. These systems include but are not limited to order processing, inventory control, accounts receivable, accounts payable, payroll, general ledger, cash management, investment management, capital budgeting and financial planning. The success of these systems is integrally connected with its information technology and services. For example, the order processing system â€Å"captures and processes customer orders and produces data needed for sales analysis and inventory control and the accounts payable system keeps track of data concerning purchases from and payments to suppliers. Communicating with the finance representative is essential in setting up or modifying these systems to meet the needs of our business. Any interrupti on or degradation in service can lead to severe damage to the business and financial services that Magnum Enterprises relies on to function and operate. As with any business, competitors are always looking for an advantage to get them ahead in their particular discipline or industry. Unfortunately, being extremely aggressive and ambitious can sometimes cloud your decision making capabilities to the point that you may  be committing breaking privacy laws and monitoring and copyright violations. As the IT lead manager for Magnum Enterprises, I’m charged with ensuring our network infrastructure and IT systems are operating proficiently. However, when it comes to addressing privacy issues from an IT perspective, opinions and viewpoints from a legal expert are necessary. In regards to privacy, several websites accumulate usernames and passwords and personal information such as home addresses and phone numbers without authorization from users. Applying internet monitoring technology within the workplace raises concerns about where the boundaries lie between personal use and public resource use. Copyright concerns and violations has become an issue with the development of the Internet and upgrades to technology. Discussing these concerns with a legal expert and implementing and adhering to strict guidelines will help prevent our company from committing these violations. In addition to the goals of strengthening the capabilities of the e-business, attention must be paid to some key technical challenges. Overseeing secure information throughout our business is extremely difficult to implement and maintain successfully. Key technical issues that may be encountered when re-engineering our e-business include privacy and confidentiality, authenticity, data integrity, access control, availability and infrastructure. Privacy and confidentiality involves businesses protecting and securing personal information while being stored or t ransmitted through email. This can be accomplished by utilizing encryption devices or firewalls. Authentication is used to confirm an individual’s identity and during e-business transactions, the purchaser and buyer wants assurance that proper identity is established. A secure way to assist with confirming identity to both individuals is to utilize a virtual private network. Data integrity means the data is correct and has not been altered while being stored or transmitted. The use of firewalls assists in preventing unauthorized users and safeguarding data. Another way to ensure data integrity is through the use of antivirus software which also aids in keeping your data free from viruses. Access control exists when you’re authorizing certain individual’s permission to restricted systems or data. Several measures that can help with access control include firewalls, access privileges, passwords, digital certificates and virtual private networks. Availability is an issue when customers and employers need information  without any disruptions. Uninterrupted Power Supply (UPS) systems, data backups and the use of anti-virus software assist with ensuring data is always available. Our e-business infrastructure constantly needs to be monitored to ensure its meeting the needs of our business. An infrastructure that is unable to consistently support the network traffic load can potentially cost our company thousands of dollars in lost sales. If the network is continually slow, increasing the speed of the network backbone will assist in providing faster and reliable support for our customers. In addition to increasing the speed of the network backbone, implementing cross-functional enterprise systems will assist in improving critical business processes throughout Magnum enterprises. A final technical challenge is ensuring all of our systems are compatible and can operate on several different hardware platforms. By having this capabi lity, our operating costs from a technical refresh perspective will decrease. While strengthening capabilities and addressing technical issues, there are management challenges within the e-business that must be addressed. As discussed earlier, our team must be vigilant in addressing security challenges such as hacking into our systems, software theft, and protecting our software applications. In addition to security issues, there are ethical concerns that must be addressed. Privacy has always been a serious and contentious issue amongst employers and employees. For instance, computer monitoring is considered by many personnel to be an infringement on the employee’s privacy and shouldn’t be allowed. However, employers argue that since the computer is a company owned resource, they should be allowed to monitor the work of their employer. In reality, many employers are concerned as to whether or not the employee is actually working and producing or just goofing off and surfing the internet. Utilizing IT equipment at work has been mentioned to cause a variety of health issues which management must address. For example, if your job consists of being in front of a computer all day, some of the health problems you may experience damage to the neck and arm muscles, eye strain, carpal tunnel syndrome, job stress, poor posture and poor circulation. Resolutions to some of these health concerns can be through the science of ergonomics. The objective of ergonomics is to devise and create safe health work conditions with the goal of decreasing health issues and increasing employee morale and work productivity. If  Magnum Enterprises has customers internationally, they also may be faced with political, geo-economic and cultural challenges. From a political concern, there are countries that have restrictions regulating or denying the transfer of data across their borders which can potentially result in customers or businesses from having to pay import or export fees. Geo-economic concerns involve issues such as identifying and locating personnel with IT skills to work at remote sites and communicating with personnel across all 24 time zones. Cultural challenges â€Å"include differences in languages, cultural interests, religions, customs, social attitudes, and political philosophies†. For example, if Magnum Enterprises was conducting a business transaction via a Video Teleconference it would be disrespectful to look them in the eye when introducing yourself. Before meeting an international customer, it would prudent to review their customs and courtesies to ensure a smooth business relationship. Improving Magnum’s e-business performance faces several challenges. Consulting with key department personnel from operations, marketing, finance and legal as well as addressing technical and management obstacles will assist me in charting a plan to put our e-business on the right track towards success.

Sunday, July 21, 2019

Importance Of Continual Self Development Management Essay

Importance Of Continual Self Development Management Essay One of the approaches to leadership is the traits approach as identified by Mullins, 1999 where the assumption is that leaders are born and not created based on the theory of the so-called Great Person theory of leadership. However most of the major existing theories provide the basis that leadership skills can be developed such as the contingency model analyses the leadership styles which can be identified and learned to develop leadership skills. Although leadership and management are seen similar but it has some distinction such as; leaders may not have a hierarchical position but the manager has which was identified by (Mullins, 1999); Leadership does not necessarily take place within the hierarchical structure of the organisation. To be an effective manager it is necessary to exercise the role of leadership (Mullins, 1999). The focus of my work will be on the personal development of managerial leadership where the manager is a leader within a formal hierarchical structure and the word manager and leader has been used interchangeably. For developing leadership and managerial skills the primary initiatives must come from the individual where the opportunities are provided by an organisation. 1. Be Able to Assess and Plan for Personal Professional Development (LO 1) 1.1. The Importance of Continual Self-Development in Achieving Organisational Objectives (AC 1.1) Continuous self-development is the continuous process of developing oneself by building his/her competencies and realizing his/her potential (Rothwell, 2010). Since leaders get others to follow (Mullins, 1999) a leader cannot build talent in others if the leader cannot do it her/him-self (Rothwell, 2010). A leader should realise the importance of continual self-development. The basic concept of continuous self-development has been derived from the concept of continuous development and its objective is to achieve organisational objectives through the recognition of the links between learning and performance (Martin, 2005). An organisation is a group of individuals and as individuals develop, so do the organisations that employ them (Martin, 2005). The performance of employees is directly linked to organisational performance hence the achievement of organisational objectives and the performance of employees can be improved through continuous self-development process. 1.2. Assessment of Current Skills and Competencies against Defined Role Requirements and Organisational Objectives (AC 1.2) Sainsburys is the second retail company in UK (Retail-Index.com, 2012) has various leadership roles and here is an assessment of the skills and competencies requirements against the roles of a cafà © department manager and related company objectives; Skills and Competencies Requirements Role Requirements of a Department Manager of a Depot Company Objectives Related to the Role of Department Manager Leadership skills; Leadership skills are required for the specified role since the department manager needs to lead a group of people in the department and the manager is responsible for them. Knowledge of health and safety requirements are important for the role as the manager will have to ensure safe and secure environment for both customers and other employees. Other skills related with the operations. And all the above skills are required to fulfil the responsibilities and to achieve the objectives. To lead the entire customer restaurant operation to provide a delicious range of meals, snacks and beverages. This will involve providing leadership and coach to colleagues, making sure everyone is in the right place at the right time, and ensuring a safe and secure environment (Sainsburys, 2012). The objective of the cafà © department is to delivering an ever-improving shopping experience for the customers of Sainsburys (Sainsburys, 2012). 1.3. Identifying Development Opportunities to Meet Current and Future Defined Needs (AC 1.3) Here the development opportunities have been identified to meet the current and future needs of the role of a department manager of Sainsburys; Current Skills Needs Future Skills Needs of 2020 Leaders of Sainsburys Development Opportunities The current skills that are required for a department manager are; Extensive leadership skills, Customer service knowledge, Operational knowledge. According to Sainsburys during the next decade, the retail sector will become a very different place (Sainsburys, 2012). To achieve the 2020 vision Sainsburys need the 2020 leaders with different skills and competencies such as; Individuals with; Outstanding intellect, Business acumen and ambition (Sainsburys, 2012). The development opportunities that will be provided by Sainsburys to meet the skills and competencies needs of a department manager under the 2020 leadership programme will be in two phases. First phase: The first phase will involve an introduction to various operational areas such as stores and logistics and then move to Sainsburys local where the manager will be trained on a wider range of retail issues than in a single department (Sainsburys, 2012). The second phase; involves developing the management skills as a Deputy Store Manager or Shift Manager, supply chain management skills, exceptional customer services etc. (Sainsburys, 2012). 1.4. Constructing a Personal Development Plan (AC 1.4) A personal development plan sets out the actions people propose to take to learn and to develop themselves (Armstrong, 2003). The responsibility is taken by the individual and the support is provided by the organisation and their managers. The purpose is to provide a self-organised learning framework as identified by Tamkin, Barber and Hirsh (1995) (Armstrong, 2003). A personal development plan follows the following steps as identified by (Armstrong, 2003); Analyse current situation and development needs Set goals Preparing an action plan Here a personal development plan as a cafà © department manager in Sainsburys has been constructed below; Analysis of current situation and development needs; Current situation; A newly graduate joined as a cafà © manager. No previous work experience Development needs; To obtain operational knowledge, To obtain leadership skills, To obtain knowledge about customer services. To improve innovative and creative skills to contribute to the performance of the Sainsburys cafà ©. (Challenging) Set goals; goals is set to the areas of development needs and they are SMART. Specific: the goals should not be vague. Measureable: the goals needs to be recognised when achieved. Achievable: setting realistic goals. Relevant: have a connection with the development needs. Time bound: there is a time period for achieving the goals. Here are the SMRT and challenging goals for the development needs identified in step one; To read through the operational manual over one month to obtain operational knowledge and perform an MCQ test on operational knowledge. To study books on leadership development and use of coaching and mentor to develop leadership skills for six months and to achieve feedback from the employees. To seek for training on customer services management form the company within six months. To talk with the customers and try to identify their needs and innovate new systems or product idea for improving the performance of the cafà © department. (Challenging) Prepare action plans; The action plan for achieving the operational knowledge might be for example; to collect the operational manual from the office and make copy of them and arrange timely discussion with the senior manager to clearly understand the issues. 2. Be Abel to Plan for the Resources Required for Personal Development (LO 2) 2.1. Identifying the Resources Required to Support the Personal Development Plan (AC 2.1) A personal development plan has been developed in the previous section here the resource requirement has been identified to support the personal development plan; The availability of operational manual and access to it and also online learning resources to so that the operational knowledge can be obtained quickly. An arrangement of training facilities with academic institutions to improve the leadership skills of employees and also different coaching and mentoring facilities to improve the leadership skills. Training and workshop facilities for improving knowledge on customer services. Facilities and options of customer survey to be conducted by the departmental manager so that the departmental manager can develop innovative ideas. 2.2. Developing a Business Case to Secure the Resources to Support the Personal Development (AC 2.2) A business case is a justification of pursuing a course of action in an organisational context to meet stated organisational objectives or goals (Remenyi, 1999). The business case will look at how investment on resources required to support the personal development plan will help achieving various objectives of an organisation; Investment on the resources as identified in section 2.1 will ensure that not only a departmental manager but also other employees will be benefitted to improve their skills and skilled employees will make organisational operations efficient and effective and organisational objectives will be achieved such as minimising costs by improving the efficiency of the organisation. The cafà © department of Sainsburys requires highly skilled employees and with good knowledge of customer services. Investment on personal development resources will help the employees of Sainsburys cafà © department to improve their skills and knowledge with their self-initiatives and in a self-managed learning environment. Employees will improve their efficiency and will reduce the wastage level and minimise the costs hence improve profitability. 3. Be Able to Implement and Evaluate the Personal Development Plan (LO 3) 3.1. Discussion of the Process Required to Implement the Personal Development Plan (AC 3.1) Due to its significant importance in achieving organisational objectives the implementation of personal development plan should be taken very strictly since it is not just mere filling up a performance review from or a guidance note of what employees should do to improve their importance. The introduction of personal development plan requires the following process; Informing the employees: If the employees do not know about the PDP clearly it will be impossible to implement such plan. Hence managers, team leaders and all individuals need to learn about personal development planning (Armstrong, 2009). Participation of employees in the PDP process: Employees should be involved in deciding how the planning process will work and what their roles will be (Armstrong, 2009). Developing a culture of self-learning responsibilities and allowing time and opportunities: It has to be recognised that everyone will need time and support to adjust to a culture in which they have to take much more responsibilities for their own learning (Armstrong, 2009). Providing guidance: Guidance should be given to all concerned regarding how to identify learning needs, the means of satisfying the needs identified and how they should use the available facilities. 3.2. Evaluating the Impact of the Personal Development Plan on the Achievement of Defined Role Requirements and Organisational Objectives. (AC 3.2) We have already considered the role requirements and departmental objectives of cafà © department in Sainsburys retail stores in previous sections which are; To lead the entire customer restaurant operation to provide a delicious range of meals, snacks and beverages. This will involve providing leadership and coach to colleagues, making sure everyone is in the right place at the right time, and ensuring a safe and secure environment (Sainsburys, 2012). The objective of the cafà © department is to delivering an ever-improving shopping experience for the customers of Sainsbury (Sainsburys, 2012). If the cafà © manager prepares a personal development plan such as to develop his/her leadership skills it will help him/her to fulfil his role requirements and achieving the departmental objectives for example the cafà © manager has the responsibilities for leading a group of people and the leadership skills will help him/her in this regard and the leadership skills for example will help the manager to motivate the working group under him to work hard and improve performance of the department hence achieving the objectives. 3.3. Review and Update the Personal Development Plan (AC 3.3) Personal development is a continuous process. Personal development plan is a systematic approach and follows sequential steps in a continuous way. The Scottish Qualifications Authority has identified seven steps process of PDP where the last step is the review and evaluation of the PDP. Review and evaluation of PDP assures that the concerned people have learned something from the PDP process and they can apply the process in the future personal development planning. In the case of Sainsburys cafà © depot the manager can review after frequent interval that the objectives relating to the needs from the PDP are met and take corrective actions and make new and revised plans. 4. Be Able to Promote Healthy and Safe Working Practices (AC 4.1) 4.1. Discussion of the Relationships between Healthy and Safe Working Practices and Organisational Objectives (AC 4.1) The relationship between health and safety working practices and organisational objectives seems very vague at first sight. If we could think an organisation without people there would be no need for this discussion. Organisational objective is a broad concept and there are lot of objectives which pursue an organisations aim, mission and vision. For a simplified discussion we will chose a practical departmental objective of Sainsburys and discuss the relationship between health and safe working Practices and organisational objectives. As it has been identified the objective of the cafà © department is; to delivering an ever-improving shopping experience for the customers of Sainsburys (Sainsburys, 2012). The objective of the cafà © department is very customer centric that the customer must be satisfied. The outcome of productivity inevitably make customer satisfied and in restaurant industries it is very obvious than others. The relationship between customer satisfaction and productivity in the restaurant industry is less ambiguous and customer satisfaction in many ways embodies the ultimate outcome associated with productivity (Gu, n.d.). Healthy and safe workplaces are fundamental to achieving productive work and high quality working lives (Minstry of Business Innovation and Employment, 2012). Hence health and safety practices in the cafà © department can improve the employee productivity which in turn can achieve Sainsburys cafà © departments objective of customer satisfaction. 4.2. An Explanation of the Process for Conducting a Risk Assessment (AC 4.2) According to the Institute of Risk Management risk assessment involves mainly risk analysis and risk evaluation; Risk analysis involves; Risk identification: involves identifying an organisations exposure to uncertainty. This requires detailed information about the companys environment, operation and clear understanding of organisations strategic and operational objectives. In Sainsburys cafà © department an identified risk may be the control of hazardous substances. Risk description: This involves displaying the identified risks in a structured way for better understanding. The above identified risk of Sainsburys can be described as; various cleaning materials used in the kitchen of the cafà © department which are hazardous to health such as; bleach must be used in a guided way. Risk estimation: This involves measuring the possibility of occurrence and the measurement can be qualitative and quantitative. There is a high chance that the cleaning chemicals might become in contact with food. Risk evaluation: involves making decision about the significance of risks. What will be the consequence if such incidents happen; chemicals in food! Causing ill health to customers sues the company resulting to penalty. 4.3. Identifying the Actions Taken by the Manager in Dealing with a Breach in Healthy and Safe Working Practices (AC 4.3) Health and safety in the workplace is a legal issue and in UK it is enforced by the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974. The breach of the law will have serious consequences such as significant amount of penalty and also it has been described how it will affect organisational objectives by worsening employee productivity. The following plan should be under taken if health and safety working practices are breached; To arrange for workshop to improve the knowledge of the employee about the healthy working practices. To give first performance improvement plan if breached after the workshop. To give second performance improvement plan. To give final performance action plan. To dismiss form the job. 4.4. Communicating Responsibilities for Healthy and Safe Working Practices to the Team (AC 4.4) A good communication is essential for ensuring the health and safe working practices without proper communication the whole purpose will be destroyed. Appropriate communication channel must be chosen to make sure health and safety initiatives are co-ordinated and well understood. This may include; Formal: Workplace inspections, health and safety committee meetings, training, incident investigations and reports, or hazard registers; and or Informal: Suggestion box, day to day interactions, tool box meetings or leading etc. 4.5. Relevant Records to Maintain to Demonstrate that Healthy and Safe Working Practices are Met (AC 4.5) Healthy and safe working practices records are both voluntary and mandatory. In UK under the Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1995 (RIDDOR) it is the duties of the employers, the self -employed and people in control of work premises to report serious workplace accidents, occupational diseases and specified dangerous occurrences (Health and Saftey Executive, 2012). To meet the legal requirements accident and incidents reporting books are maintained by the employers. Organisations also must keep record of health and safety policies manual, health and safety training manual etc. Conclusion Nothing can bring success unless done in a systematic and organised way. Although personal development plan is mostly practiced at organisational level it should start form personal life to decide at a career goal of life and this will bring enrichment in personal life and for the society as well and what would be the meaning of life going on like a rudderless boat when PDP can create a meaning of life.